Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes

<p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>1. Introduction. </p><p>1.1 Natural land-cover changes<br>1.2 Anthropogenic land-cover changes<br>1.3 Land-cover changes and weather and climate<br>1.4 References</p><p>2. Physical and chemical principles<br>2.1 Energy balance<br>2.1.1 Latent and sensible heat fluxes<br>2.1.2 Surface heterogeneity<br>2.2 Clouds and precipitation<br>2.3 Air chemistry<br>2.3.1 Emissions<br>2.3.2 Background chemistry<br>2.3.3 Polluted air<br>2.3.4 Aqueous chemistry<br>2.3.5 Gas-to-particle formation<br>2.3.6 Removal of gases and aerosols<br>2.4 Interaction between energy, water and trace gas cycle<br>2.5 References</p><p>3. Impact of land-cover and land-cover changes<br>3.1 Detection of land-cover changes<br>3.1.1 Land-cover maps<br>3.1.2 Remote sensing derived land-cover<br>3.1.3 Land-cover change detection<br>3.1.4 Role of land-cover data in land-cover related studies<br>3.2 Observations and major field experiments<br>3.3 Mechanisms<br>3.3.1 Changes of the surface fluxes<br>3.3.2 Secondary changes in response to land-cover change<br>3.3.3 Teleconnection<br>3.4 Scales<br>3.4.1 Inhomogeneity<br>3.4.2 Heterogeneity at various scales<br>3.4.3 Impact of heterogeneity<br>3.5 Land-cover change impacts<br>3.5.1 Deforestation and forest degradation<br>3.5.1.1 Tropical forests<br>3.5.1.2 Temperate forest<br>3.5.1.3 Boreal forest<br>3.5.1.4 Trace gas impacts<br>3.5.2 Conversion of native grasslands to cropland<br>3.5.2.1 Impact of irrigation<br>3.5.2.2 Trace gases<br>3.5.3 Droughts and desertification<br>3.5.4 Re-cultivation<br>3.5.4.1 Afforestation and reforestation<br>3.5.4.2 Drylands<br>3.5.5 Urbanization<br>3.5.5.1 Urban heat island effect<br>3.5.5.2 Urban impacts on clouds and precipitations<br>3.5.5.3 Other dynamical impacts of urbanization<br>3.5.5.4 Trace gas and aerosol release from cities<br>3.5.6 Water bodies<br>3.5.7 Interaction of land-cover change impacts<br>3.6 References</p><p>4. Future challenges<br>4.1 Future emission scenarios<br>4.2 Land-cover change impacts under future climate conditions<br>4.2.1 Biogeophysical feedbacks<br>4.2.1.1 Prescribed, fixed LCC<br>4.2.1.2 Gradually changing land-cover<br>4.2.2 Biogeochemical feedbacks<br>4.3 Air quality<br>4.4 Food and fuel production<br>4.4.1 Water availability<br>4.4.2 Soil degradation and land loss<br>4.4.3 Bio-fuel<br>4.5 Urbanization, urban areas and megacities<br>4.5.1 Urban heat island<br>4.5.2 Water management<br>4.5.3 Air quality<br>4.5.4 Urban planning and development<br>4.6 Detecting land-cover changes in observations<br>4.7 Changes of snow and ice<br>4.7.1 Snow-vegetation and permafrost-vegetation relation<br>4.7.2 Ice-vegetation relation<br>4.7.2.1 Sea-ice<br>4.7.2.2 Polynyas<br>4.7.2.3 Shelf-ice<br>4.8 References</p><p>5. Conclusions<br>5.1 Modeling and observations<br>5.2 Future assessment<br>5.3 References</p><p>Appendix: List of abbreviations</p><p>Index</p><p> </p>