Biomechanics of the Human Urinary Bladder

<p>1                The Bladder as a Dynamic System</p><p> </p><p>1.1  Anatomy of the human urinary bladder</p><p>1.2  Detrusor muscle</p><p>1.2.1       Morphology of smooth muscle</p><p>1.2.2       Electromechanical activity of the detrusor</p><p>1.2.3       Pacemaker activity</p><p>1.3  Neurohormonal regulatory system</p><p>1.3.1       Anatomical considerations</p><p>1.3.2       Neurotransmission</p><p>1.3.3       Electrophysiological characteristics of neurons</p><p>1.4  Morphofunctional states in the bladder</p><p>1.4.1       Bladder filling</p><p>1.4.2       Bladder voiding</p><p>References</p><p>            </p><p>2.         Investigations into Biomechanics of the Bladder</p><p> </p><p>2.1       Biomechanics of the detrusor</p><p>2.2       Modelling of the bladder</p><p>                  References</p><p> </p><p>3                Geometry of Thin Shells</p><p> </p><p>3.1       The bladder as a thin biological shell</p><p>3.2       Geometry of the shell</p><p>3.3       Tensor of affine deformation</p><p>3.4       Equations of continuity of deformations</p><p>3.5       Equations of equilibrium</p><p>            References</p><p>      </p>4                Essentials of the Theory of Soft Shells</p><p> </p><p>4.1  Deformation of the shell</p><p>4.2  Principal deformations</p><p>4.3  Membrane forces</p><p>4.4  Principal membrane forces</p><p>4.5  Equations of motion in general curvilinear coordinates</p><p>4.6  Nets</p><p>4.7  Corollaries of the fundamental assumptions</p><p>                  References</p><p> </p><p>5                Continual Model of the Detrusor</p><p> </p><p>5.1            Basic assumptions</p><p>5.2            Model formulation</p>5.3            Biofactor</p><p>5.4            Special cases</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>6                A Model of the Detrusor Fasciculus</p><p> </p><p>6.1            Formulation of the model</p><p>6.2            Physiological condition</p><p>6.3            Effects of pharmacological and extracellular ion changes on electromechanical activity of the detrusor</p><p>6.3.1    Changes in </p><p>6.3.2    L- and T-type channel antagonists</p><p>6.3.3    BK_Ca channel agonist/antagonist</p><p>6.3.4    K⁺ channel agonist/antagonist</p><p>6.3.5    - ATPase  inhibitors</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>7                The Intrinsic Regulatory Pathways</p><p> </p><p>7.1            Models of electrical activity of neurons</p><p>7.2            A model of neuronal assembly in the bladder</p><p>7.3            Response of the detrusor to stretching</p><p>7.4            Pharmacology of the neuronal pathway</p><p>7.4.1       Effect of iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin</p><p>7.4.2       Effect of ω-CgTX</p><p>7.4.3       Effect of TTX</p><p>7.4.4       Effect of purinoceptor agonists</p><p>7.4.5       Effect of protein kinase C activator</p><p>References</p> </p><p>8                The Synaptic Transmission</p><p> </p><p>8.1            A model of the synapse</p><p>8.2            cAMP-dependent pathway</p><p>8.3            PLC-dependent pathway</p><p>8.4            Physiological response</p><p>8.5            Variations in synaptic neurotransmission</p><p>8.5.1       Chloride salts of divalent cations</p><p>8.5.2       Change in [ ]</p><p>8.5.3       b - bungarotoxin</p><p>8.5.4       Botulinum toxin</p><p>8.5.5       Tetrodotoxin</p>8.5.6       High frequency stimulation</p><p>8.5.7       Inhibition of neuronal uptake-1 mechanism</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p>                  9                Pharmacology of Detrusor Activity</p><p> </p><p>9.1       Classes of drugs</p><p>9.2       Current pharmacological therapies of bladder dysfunction</p><p>9.3       Model of competitive antagonist action</p><p>9.4       Model of allosteric interaction</p><p>9.5       Allosteric modulation of competitive agonist/antagonist action</p><p>9.6       Effect of cholinergic antagonists/agonists</p><p>9.7       Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase</p><p>9.8       Effect of b - adrenoceptor antagonists</p><p>            References</p><p> </p><p>                  10              Human Urinary Bladder as a Soft Biological Shell</p><p> </p><p>10.1     Basic assumptions</p><p>10.2     Model of the bladder</p><p>10.3     Bladder mechanics</p><p>                              10.3.1  Filling stage</p><p>                              10.3.2  Voiding stage</p><p>                              10.3.3  Pharmacological modulation of voiding</p><p> </p><p>11                        Challenges in Human Urinary Bladder Mechanics</p><p> </p><p>11.1         Urine-bladder interaction</p><p>11.2         Brain-bladder axis</p><p>11.3         Bladder substitutes</p><p>                  References</p><p>Index</p>